Mixtures of organic amendments and biochar promote beneficial soil microbiota and affect Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor disease suppression

The use of soil fumigants and fungicides to control soilborne pathogens is reduced due to awareness of their negative drawbacks. Long-term application of such agrochemicals negatively affects soil microbiota and reduces natural soil suppressiveness. We investigated long-term impacts of biochar and not-pyrogenic organic amendment (OAs: manure, alfalfa straw and glucose), on disease suppression compared with conventional management in three pathosystems: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL)–lettuce, Rhizoctonia solani–tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum–lettuce, by conditioning soil for 2 years. Soil analyses included pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and total and active limestone. Soil microbiota was characterized by combining BIOLOG EcoPlates with next-generation sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. Soil amended with OAs generally suppressed disease by S. sclerotiorum and FOL compared to fumigants and synthetic fertilizers. However, the incidence of R. solani infection was lower in soil treated with synthetic fertilizers than soil amended with OAs. EC, pH, C:N, N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺, FDA and BIOLOG were significantly correlated with disease, depending on pathosystem. Bacterial richness and diversity, presence of some genera like Acidobacteria, Chloracidobacteria, Solibacteres, Anaerolineae, Nitrospira and Deltaproteobacteria were negatively related to disease incidence of FOL and S. sclerotiorum, whereas damping-off caused by R. solani was negatively affected by the presence of Flavobacterium and Chitinofagha. Therefore, we concluded that long-term application of OAs can effectively improve soil suppressiveness and reduce disease incidence against root pathogens, although the effects vary considerably depending upon pathosystem.     

Effects of mechanical and chemical methods on weed control,weed seed rain and crop yield in maize,sunflower and soyabean

Eight field experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical methods (spring-tine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding, herbicides in the row + inter-row hoeing, herbicides broadcast) on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield. The choice of chemical and mechanical treatments in maize and soyabean compared to sunflower, required to be managed more carefully in order to maximize the weed control reducing yield losses. A global rating of weed control methods, based on their weed control efficacy, was obtained as useful means to assist farmers and technicians to choose the more appropriate weed control method. The combination of herbicides intra-row and hoeing inter-row gave best efficacy (on average 99% of weed control), with a 50% reduction in the chemical load in the environment. Hoeing-ridging gave good results, both inter- and intra-row (on average 93% of weed control); this method was also effective in reducing competitive ability and seed production of uncontrolled weeds. Split-hoeing or finger-weeding showed some limitations giving satisfactory results only when combined. Harrowing gave lowest weed control, although when combined to other mechanical methods, can help achieve a better efficacy.     

除草剂混配施用对棉田常见杂草的防除效果

为了检验除草剂防除棉田杂草效果,以三氟啶磺隆、嘧草硫醚和精喹禾灵之间不同剂量的混配施用.试验表明：三氟啶磺隆和精喹禾灵两种混用及三氟啶磺隆、嘧草硫醚和精喹禾灵3种混用均对棉田杂草都有较好的防除效果.施药后7天杂草表现药害症状.施药后20天,三氟啶磺隆与精喹禾灵两种除草剂混用,随着三氟啶磺隆用量的增加对禾本科杂草的防效由89.2％增加到95.3％,对阔叶类杂草的防效由86.3％增加到94.9％,总体株防效由87.8％增加到95.2％;三氟啶磺隆与精喹禾灵、嘧草硫醚混剂3种除草剂混用,在精喹禾灵用量相同的条件下,增加三氟啶磺隆或嘧草硫醚的用量,对禾本科杂草、阔叶类杂草、杂草总体株防效均提高.施药后40天的株防效和鲜重防效均80％以上,说明混配药剂的持效期较长.     

阔草清（Flumetsulam）防除大豆田杂草的研究

阔草清（Ｆｌｕｍｅｔｓｕｌａｍ）是美国陶氏益农公司新近研制的一种磺酰受类除草剂。经３年试验证实，该除草剂用一大豆田，进行播后苗前土壤处理，可防除多种阔叶草杂，对大豆安全。该除草剂可与乙草胺或杜耳混用，兼治禾本草与阔叶草。适宜用药量为单用８０％阔草清５６－７５ｇ／ｈａ，混用上述剂量加５０％乙草胺２．５－３Ｌｈａ，或加７２％杜耳２Ｌ／ｈａ。     

不同施氮条件下麦田杂草氮素吸收的研究

为了解麦田杂草氮素吸收对施氮量的反应,在半湿润地区,以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮水平下冬小麦田间杂草含氮量及吸氮量的变化以及杂草与小麦氮素的竞争关系.结果表明,小麦不同生育时期麦田杂草含氮量存在差异,表现为越冬期＞返青期＞拔节期＞成熟期;杂草含氮量随施氮量的增加而增加,尤其是在小麦生育前期施氮处理间差异达到显著水平.小麦不同生育期的杂草吸氮量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在拔节期达到最大,各生育期间差异极显著;在小麦不同生育期,杂草吸氮量对施氮水平的反应不同,与不施肥的对照相比,施肥有利于前期杂草对氮素的吸收,中后期表现为降低的趋势.从相对吸氮量看,增加施氮提高了前期杂草对氮素的竞争能力,而后期杂草的竞争力下降.     

Patchy weed distribution and site-specific weed control in winter cereals

Site-specific weed control in winter cereals was performed on the same fields every year over a 5-year period (1999–2003). The most common weeds (Apera spica-venti, Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Viola arvensis) were counted by species, at grid points which were georeferenced and the data were analysed spatially. For weed control, weeds were grouped into three classes: grass, broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine), and Galium aparine. Based on weed distribution maps generated by the spatial analyses, herbicide application maps were created and site-specific herbicide application was carried out for grouped and or single weed species. This resulted in a significant reduction in herbicide use. Averaging the results for all fields and years, the total field area treated with herbicides was 39% for grass weeds, 44% for broad-leaved weeds (without Galium aparine) and 49% for Galium aparine. Therefore, site-specific weed control has the potential to reduce herbicide use compared to broadcast application, thus giving environmental and economic benefits.     

金都尔防除花生田杂草试验研究

进行了有效成分为异丙甲草胺的96%金都尔乳油、90%禾耐斯乳油（乙草胺）和50%丁草胺乳油的防除花生田杂草的对比试验,结果表明,96%金都尔乳油防除花生田杂草以1 275、900 ml/hm^2防除效果最好,明显高于其他处理,对花生生长无不良影响,安全系数高,可以作为丁草胺、乙草胺的替代除草剂在田间推广应用。     

Optimizing herbicidal efficacy of glyphosate isopropylamine salt through ammonium sulphate as surfactant in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation in a rainforest area of Nigeria

A randomized complete block field trial was conducted over 2 years to evaluate the herbicidal efficacy of glyphosate isopropylamine salt (Roundup^®) applied singly at 1.41 kg a.e. ha⁻¹ or in combination with ammonium sulphate (AMS) as surfactant at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (wt/v) in a 5-year old oil palm plantation of the Federal University of Technology, Akure located in the rainforest vegetation zone of Nigeria. Assessment of herbicidal efficacy based on the Henderson-Tilton formula indicated that glyphosate applied singly or in combination with varying concentrations of AMS proved highly effective in controlling most of the grasses and broadleaved weeds prevalent in the experimental plots. Herbicidal efficacy on total weed density, weed fresh weight as well as on weed dry weight was found to increase in the order of increasing concentration of AMS. Regressing percentage herbicidal efficacy (Y) against increasing concentration levels of AMS (X) indicated significant (P0.001) positive relationships with an average correlation coefficient (r) of +0.95 in both years. These results confirm the potential of AMS as an effective surfactant that can be exploited in glyphosate-based weed management schemes in the sub-humid tropical environment.     

草克星防除稻田杂草研究

草克星(NC-311)是日本日产株式会社新开发的磺酰脲类除草剂,具有用量低,杀草谱广,高效和安全的特点。为了评价草克星对稻田杂草的防除效果和对水稻的安全性,我们于1990年进行了田间小区试验和植物生长箱模拟试验。材料和方法植物生长箱模拟试验在中国水稻研究所进行。设备为LH-200-RD植物生长箱,温度25℃,光照强度为2800 lux,光照时间10 h/d。盆栽用13×13×8 cm塑料方盆,重复3次。